Nepal
Diagnose and Decide Scorecard
Food Environments
Food Supply Chains
Outcomes
Unlikely Challenge Area
Potential Challenge Area
Likely Challenge Area
Missing Data
Indicators
Total greenhouse gas emissions (excluding land-use change and forestry) (mtCO₂e)
DriversEnvironment and climate change
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Gini index
DriversIncome growth and distribution
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Population growth (annual) (%)
DriversPopulation growth and migration
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Gender inequality index
DriversSocio-cultural Context
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Percent urban population of total population (%)
DriversUrbanization
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Affordability of a healthy diet: Ratio of cost to food expenditures
Food EnvironmentsFood affordability
1.1
Ratio
2017
Cost of a healthy diet (PPP dollar/person/day)
Food EnvironmentsFood affordability
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Cost of an energy sufficient diet
Food EnvironmentsFood affordability
1
2017 PPP dollar/person/day
2017
Cost of legumes, nuts, and seeds relative to the starchy staples in a least-cost healthy diet
Food EnvironmentsFood affordability
0.7
Ratio
2017
Cost of nutrient adequacy as a percent of household food expenditure
Food EnvironmentsFood affordability
55
%
2011
Cost of nutrient adequacy in local currency units
Food EnvironmentsFood affordability
37.4
Local currency
2011
Dietary energy in food supply (kcal/capita/day)
Food EnvironmentsFood availability
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Supply of eggs (g/capita/day)
Food EnvironmentsFood availability
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Supply of fish (g/capita/day)
Food EnvironmentsFood availability
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Supply of fruit (g/capita/day)
Food EnvironmentsFood availability
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Supply of meat (g/capita/day)
Food EnvironmentsFood availability
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Supply of pulses (g/capita/day)
Food EnvironmentsFood availability
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Supply of vegetables (g/capita/day)
Food EnvironmentsFood availability
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Retail value of packaged food sales per capita
Food EnvironmentsProduct properties
32.1
USD/capita
2017
Retail value of ultra-processed food sales per capita
Food EnvironmentsProduct properties
16.2
USD/capita
2017
Modern grocery retailers per 100,000 population
Food EnvironmentsVendor properties
0.3
retailers per 100,000 population
2017
Supermarkets per 100,000 population
Food EnvironmentsVendor properties
0.2
per 100,000 population
2017
Average crop species richness
Food Supply ChainsProduction systems and input supply
5.2
crops per unit of land
2015
Cereal yield (Thousand Metric ton)
Food Supply ChainsProduction systems and input supply
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Vegetable yield (Thousand Metric ton)
Food Supply ChainsProduction systems and input supply
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Agricultural infrastructure index
Food Supply ChainsStorage and distribution
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Cereal losses (%)
Food Supply ChainsStorage and distribution
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Recommended Policies and Actions
We’ve identified Cereal losses as a likely challenge area for Nepal. The following policies and actions are recommended to improve this outcome. Read about our methodology for identifying these action and policy suggestions.
Action
Deliver (peri-)urban agriculture programmes which provide land and other inputs, support local market development and deliver training and nutrition education.Impact
Increase availability, access, affordability and appeal of nutritious foods to urban populations.Action
Develop innovative postharvest storage technologies, packaging and processing techniques for nutritious foods to reduce nutrient losses, remove anti-nutrients, prevent contamination and reduce food losses.Impact
Increase availability, appeal and safety of nutritious foods throughout the year to all populations.Action
Develop new processed products that extend the shelf life of nutritious foods, make them more convenient for consumers to prepare, and reduce food and nutrient losses.Impact
Increase availability, affordability and appeal of nutritious foods throughout the year to all populations.Action
Build and improve roads, transportation, storage, cold chain and logistical distribution infrastructure to enable the delivery of safe, perishable nutritious foods to urban and rural markets.Impact
Increase availability, affordability and safety of nutritious foods in markets serving local populations.Action
Maintain and upgrade markets selling nutritious foods to low-income communities and ensure they have access to infrastructure to enhance food safety and reduce foods losses.Impact
Increase availability, affordability, access and safety of nutritious foods in markets serving low-income populations.Action
Develop infrastructure to reduce loss and waste of nutritious foods and increase its redistribution.Impact
Increase availability nutritious foods to low-income and all populations.Action
Mandate training programmes for food producers and retailers on storage, processing and packaging to reduce spoilage and contamination of nutritious foods.Impact
Increase availability and safety of nutritious foods to all populations.Fruit losses (%)
Food Supply ChainsStorage and distribution
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Pulse losses (%)
Food Supply ChainsStorage and distribution
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Vegetable losses (%)
Food Supply ChainsStorage and distribution
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Final consumption expenditure per capita (MZN/Month)
Individual FactorsEconomic
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Agricultural land change during the last 10 years
OutcomesEnvironmental impacts
-2.3
1000 ha yr-1
2008–2018
Average proportion of natural vegetation embedded in agricultural lands
OutcomesEnvironmental impacts
18
%
2015
Average threats soil biodiversity
OutcomesEnvironmental impacts
2.2
1 = low risk, 8 = highest risk
2010
Per capita biodiversity impact of food consumption
OutcomesEnvironmental impacts
294.8
sp.yr * 10^12/person
2010
Per capita eutrophication of food consumption
OutcomesEnvironmental impacts
7,320
g PO43-eq/capita
2010
Per capita greenhouse gas emissions of food consumption
OutcomesEnvironmental impacts
1,278
kg CO2eq./person
2010
Per capita water use linked to food consumption
OutcomesEnvironmental impacts
357
litre/person
2010
Recommended Policies and Actions
We’ve identified Per capita water use linked to food consumption as a likely challenge area for Nepal. The following policies and actions are recommended to improve this outcome. Read about our methodology for identifying these action and policy suggestions.
Action
Research and develop alternative proteins sources and share the research in the public domain.Impact
Increase availability, affordability and appeal of alternative micronutrient-rich protein sources and reduce appeal of red meat to high red-meat consumers.Total ecological footprint of consumption per person
OutcomesEnvironmental impacts
1.1
global ha/capita
2019
Total ecological footprint of production per person
OutcomesEnvironmental impacts
0.8
global ha/capita
2019
Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity (%)
OutcomesFood security
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Recommended Policies and Actions
We’ve identified Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity as a likely challenge area for Nepal. The following policies and actions are recommended to improve this outcome. Read about our methodology for identifying these action and policy suggestions.
Action
Focus cash transfer, voucher and food delivery programmes on increasing the availability, affordability and appeal of nutritious foods and limiting the appeal of foods high in fats, sugars and salt.Impact
Increase availability, affordability and appeal of nutritious foods and reduce the affordability and appeal of foods high in fats, sugars and salt to low-income populations with access to the programmes.Prevalence of undernourishment (%)
OutcomesFood security
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Infants and children (6 - 23 months): Minimum diet diversity (MDD) (%)
OutcomesInfant and young child feeding practices
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Infants and children (6 - 23 months): Minimum meal frequency (MMF) (%)
OutcomesInfant and young child feeding practices
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Adult diabetes prevalence (%)
OutcomesNoncommunicable diseases
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Recommended Policies and Actions
We’ve identified Adult diabetes prevalence as a likely challenge area for Nepal. The following policies and actions are recommended to improve this outcome. Read about our methodology for identifying these action and policy suggestions.
Action
Reformulate processed food to reduce fats, sugars and salt.Impact
Reduce availability of fats, sugars and salt in foods already available to all populations.Action
Implement taxes to decrease affordability and incentivise reformulation of sugary drinks and foods high in fats, sugars and salt food.Impact
Decrease affordability of sugary drinks and foods high in fats, sugars and salt to all populations.Action
Set mandatory limits on trans fats, sugar, salt/sodium and/or saturated fat in packaged foods.Impact
Reduce availability of foods high in fats, sugars and salt to all populations.Action
Require nutrition labelling on packages/menus to indicate if foods are high in calories, fats, sugars and/or salt and/or in positive nutrients.Impact
Reduce appeal and availability of foods high in fat, sugar and salt and increases appeal of nutritious foods to all populations.Action
Restrict all forms of marketing, advertising and in-store promotions of HFSS foods, particularly to children.Impact
Reduce appeal foods high in fat, sugar and salt to children.Adult raised blood pressure (systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure >= 140/90 mmHg) (%)
OutcomesNoncommunicable diseases
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Recommended Policies and Actions
We’ve identified Adult raised blood pressure (systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure >= 140/90 mmHg) as a likely challenge area for Nepal. The following policies and actions are recommended to improve this outcome. Read about our methodology for identifying these action and policy suggestions.
Action
Reformulate processed food to reduce fats, sugars and salt.Impact
Reduce availability of fats, sugars and salt in foods already available to all populations.Action
Implement taxes to decrease affordability and incentivise reformulation of sugary drinks and foods high in fats, sugars and salt food.Impact
Decrease affordability of sugary drinks and foods high in fats, sugars and salt to all populations.Action
Set mandatory limits on trans fats, sugar, salt/sodium and/or saturated fat in packaged foods.Impact
Reduce availability of foods high in fats, sugars and salt to all populations.Action
Require nutrition labelling on packages/menus to indicate if foods are high in calories, fats, sugars and/or salt and/or in positive nutrients.Impact
Reduce appeal and availability of foods high in fat, sugar and salt and increases appeal of nutritious foods to all populations.Action
Restrict all forms of marketing, advertising and in-store promotions of HFSS foods, particularly to children.Impact
Reduce appeal foods high in fat, sugar and salt to children.Adult obesity (BMI >= 30) (%)
OutcomesNutritional status
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Anemia in women 15-49 years (%)
OutcomesNutritional status
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Overweight in children under 5 years (%)
OutcomesNutritional status
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Stunting in children under 5 years (%)
OutcomesNutritional status
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Recommended Policies and Actions
We’ve identified Stunting in children under 5 years as a likely challenge area for Nepal. The following policies and actions are recommended to improve this outcome. Read about our methodology for identifying these action and policy suggestions.
Action
Focus cash transfer, voucher and food delivery programmes on increasing the availability, affordability and appeal of nutritious foods and limiting the appeal of foods high in fats, sugars and salt.Impact
Increase availability, affordability and appeal of nutritious foods and reduce the affordability and appeal of foods high in fats, sugars and salt to low-income populations with access to the programmes.Action
Implement comprehensive school food programmes, incorporating food and meals, nutrition standards, nutrition education, school gardens, food personnel training, food skills and literacy.Impact
Increase availability, affordability and access of nutritious foods and reduce access to foods high in fats, sugars and salt to school-aged children.Wasting in children under 5 years (%)
OutcomesNutritional status
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Recommended Policies and Actions
We’ve identified Wasting in children under 5 years as a likely challenge area for Nepal. The following policies and actions are recommended to improve this outcome. Read about our methodology for identifying these action and policy suggestions.
Action
Focus cash transfer, voucher and food delivery programmes on increasing the availability, affordability and appeal of nutritious foods and limiting the appeal of foods high in fats, sugars and salt.Impact
Increase availability, affordability and appeal of nutritious foods and reduce the affordability and appeal of foods high in fats, sugars and salt to low-income populations with access to the programmes.Action
Implement comprehensive school food programmes, incorporating food and meals, nutrition standards, nutrition education, school gardens, food personnel training, food skills and literacy.Impact
Increase availability, affordability and access of nutritious foods and reduce access to foods high in fats, sugars and salt to school-aged children.All Suggested Policies and Actions
We’ve identified the following policies and actions that might address issues with the food system of Nepal.
Action
Research and develop alternative proteins sources and share the research in the public domain.Impact
Increase availability, affordability and appeal of alternative micronutrient-rich protein sources and reduce appeal of red meat to high red-meat consumers.Action
Deliver (peri-)urban agriculture programmes which provide land and other inputs, support local market development and deliver training and nutrition education.Impact
Increase availability, access, affordability and appeal of nutritious foods to urban populations.Action
Develop innovative postharvest storage technologies, packaging and processing techniques for nutritious foods to reduce nutrient losses, remove anti-nutrients, prevent contamination and reduce food losses.Impact
Increase availability, appeal and safety of nutritious foods throughout the year to all populations.Action
Develop new processed products that extend the shelf life of nutritious foods, make them more convenient for consumers to prepare, and reduce food and nutrient losses.Impact
Increase availability, affordability and appeal of nutritious foods throughout the year to all populations.Action
Build and improve roads, transportation, storage, cold chain and logistical distribution infrastructure to enable the delivery of safe, perishable nutritious foods to urban and rural markets.Impact
Increase availability, affordability and safety of nutritious foods in markets serving local populations.Action
Maintain and upgrade markets selling nutritious foods to low-income communities and ensure they have access to infrastructure to enhance food safety and reduce foods losses.Impact
Increase availability, affordability, access and safety of nutritious foods in markets serving low-income populations.Action
Develop infrastructure to reduce loss and waste of nutritious foods and increase its redistribution.Impact
Increase availability nutritious foods to low-income and all populations.Action
Mandate training programmes for food producers and retailers on storage, processing and packaging to reduce spoilage and contamination of nutritious foods.Impact
Increase availability and safety of nutritious foods to all populations.Action
Focus cash transfer, voucher and food delivery programmes on increasing the availability, affordability and appeal of nutritious foods and limiting the appeal of foods high in fats, sugars and salt.Impact
Increase availability, affordability and appeal of nutritious foods and reduce the affordability and appeal of foods high in fats, sugars and salt to low-income populations with access to the programmes.Action
Reformulate processed food to reduce fats, sugars and salt.Impact
Reduce availability of fats, sugars and salt in foods already available to all populations.Action
Implement taxes to decrease affordability and incentivise reformulation of sugary drinks and foods high in fats, sugars and salt food.Impact
Decrease affordability of sugary drinks and foods high in fats, sugars and salt to all populations.Action
Set mandatory limits on trans fats, sugar, salt/sodium and/or saturated fat in packaged foods.Impact
Reduce availability of foods high in fats, sugars and salt to all populations.Action
Require nutrition labelling on packages/menus to indicate if foods are high in calories, fats, sugars and/or salt and/or in positive nutrients.Impact
Reduce appeal and availability of foods high in fat, sugar and salt and increases appeal of nutritious foods to all populations.Action
Restrict all forms of marketing, advertising and in-store promotions of HFSS foods, particularly to children.Impact
Reduce appeal foods high in fat, sugar and salt to children.Action
Implement comprehensive school food programmes, incorporating food and meals, nutrition standards, nutrition education, school gardens, food personnel training, food skills and literacy.Impact
Increase availability, affordability and access of nutritious foods and reduce access to foods high in fats, sugars and salt to school-aged children.